EMTB Anatomical Terms and Body Systems Drill
Instructor Guide
Session Reference: 1
Topic: Anatomical Terms and Body Systems
Level of Instruction: 3
Time Required: 3 hours
Materials:
· Chalkboard
· Anatomy visuals
· Anatomy handouts
References:
· Emergency Care,11th Edition, Brady
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PREPARATION:
Motivation:
An understanding of basic anatomy contributes to accurate communications between field providers as well as hospital personal. Understanding anatomy is critical to be able to use the mechanism of injury to determine potential injuries sustained by the patient.
Objective (SPO): 1-1
The student will be able to identify, from memory and without assistance, topographic anatomical landmarks, positions, body systems and their functions.
Overview:
Review of Anatomical Terms and Body Systems
I. Directional Terms (1-1)
A. Anatomical position
1. Person standing erect
2. Facing forward
3. Palms facing forward
B. Planes
1. Flat surface dividing a body into halves
2. Midline
a. center of body
b. between eyes, extending through umbilicus
c. creates left and right halves
3. Medial
a. position close to the midline
4. Lateral
a. position further away from the midline
5. Bilateral
a. refers to both sides of the body
6. Mid-axillary line
a. vertically from mid-armpit to the ankle
b. creates front and back halves
7. Anterior
a. front half
b. also referred to as ventral
8. Posterior
a. back half
b. also referred to as dorsal
9. Superior
a. above
10. Inferior
a. below
11. Proximal
a. closer to the torso
12. Distal
a. farther away from the torso
13. Palmar
a. refers to palm of the hand
14. Plantar
a. refers to sole of the foot
15. Mid-clavicular line
a. runs through the center of clavicle and the nipple below
16. Abdominal quadrants
a. created by drawing horizontal and vertical lines through the navel
b. left upper quadrant (LUQ)
1) stomach
2) spleen
3) portion of the colon
4) small intestine
c. right upper quadrant (RUQ)
1) liver
2) gall bladder
3) portion of the colon
4) small intestine
d. left lower quadrant (LLQ)
1) small intestine
2) large intestine
e. right lower quadrant (RLQ)
1) small intestine
2) large intestine
3) appendix
II. Positional Terms (1-2)
A. Supine
1. Patient lying on back
B. Prone
1. Patient lying on abdomen
C. Recovery position
1. Preferred position for unconscious non-trauma patient
2. Patient lying on side
3. Also know as laterally recumbent
a. left laterally recumbent
b. right laterally recumbent
D. Fowler’s position
1. Seated position
2. Generally 45 - 60 degree angle
3. Legs may be straight out or bent
E. Semi-Fowler’s position
1. Semi-sitting position
F. Trendelenburg position
1. Patient lying with head slightly lower than feet
a. patient may lie flat and elevate legs
b. If on spine board, tilt the board
c. sometimes called the shock position
III. Body systems (1-3)
A. Musculoskeletal System
1. Components
a. bones
b. muscles
c. ligaments - connects bone to bone
d. tendons - connects muscle to bone
2. Functions
a. gives body shape
b. protects vital internal organs
c. provides for body movement
3. Skull
a. encloses and protects brain
b. cranium
1) top, back and sides of skull
c. face
1) front of skull
2) mandible - lower jaw
3) maxilla - upper jaw
4) zygomatic bones - cheek bones
5) nasal bone
6) orbits - surrounds eyes
4. Spinal column
a. houses and protects the spinal cord
b. vertebrae
1) 33
2) cervical spine - neck
3) thoracic spine - chest
a) ribs attach posteriorly
4) lumbar spine - mid back
5) sacral spine/sacrum
6) coccyx - tailbone
5. Thorax
a. chest
b. thoracic cavity
1) formed by bones
2) contains heart, lungs, major blood vessels
3) ribs
4) sternum
a) manubrium - superior portion
b) body - center portion
c) xiphoid process - inferior tip
6. Pelvis
a. ilium
b. ischium
c. pubis
d. acetabulum - hip joint socket
7. Lower extremities
a. femur - thigh
b. patella - kneecap
c. tibia - shin bone
d. fibula - lower leg
e. lateral malleolus
1) distal end of fibula
f. medial malleolus
1) distal end of tibia
g. tarsals - ankle
h. metatarsals - foot
i. calcaneus - heel
j. phalanges - toes
8. Upper extremities
a. clavicle - collarbone
b. scapula - shoulder blade
c. acromion process - highest portion of the shoulder
d. acromioclavicular joint
e. humerus - upper arm
f. radius – forearm
g. ulna - forearm
h. carpals - wrist
i. metacarpals - hand
j. phalanges - fingers
9. Joints
a. ball and socket - hip
b. hinge - elbow
10. Muscles
a. voluntary
1) skeletal muscles
2) conscious control of the brain
b. involuntary
1) smooth muscle
2) no direct, conscious control
c. cardiac
1) found only in heart
2) automaticity
a) ability to generate and conduct electrical impulses
B. Respiratory system
1. Function
a. move oxygen into bloodstream.
b. remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
2. Anatomy
a. oropharynx
b. nasopharynx
c. pharynx
d. epiglottis
e. larynx
f. cricoid cartilage
g. trachea - windpipe
h. lungs
i. bronchi
j. alveoli
k. diaphragm
3. Physiology
a. inhalation
1) active process
2) intercostal (rib) muscles and diaphragm contract
b. exhalation
1) passive process
2) muscles relax
C. Cardiovascular/Circulatory System
1. Heart
a. atria
b. ventricles
c. vena cava
1) superior vena cava
2) inferior vena cava
d. aorta
e. cardiac conduction system
1) sinoatrial (SA) node
2) atrioventricular (AV) node
2. Blood circulation
a. arteries
1) carry blood away from heart
2) major arteries
a) coronary
b) aorta
c) pulmonary
d) carotid
e) femoral
f) brachial
g) radial
h) posterior tibial
i) dorsalis pedis
b. arterioles
1) smallest branch of arteries
c. capillaries
1) cellular level gas exchange
d. venules
1) smallest branch of veins
e. veins
1) carry blood to the heart
2) major veins
a) superior vena cava
b) inferior vena cava
c) pulmonary
f. composition of blood
1) plasma
a) watery liquid
b) carries solids
2) red blood cells
a) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
b) give blood color
3) white blood cells
a) fights infection
4) platelets
a) creates blood clots
D. Nervous System
1. Central nervous system
a. brain
b. spinal cord
c. controls all basic bodily functions
2. Peripheral nervous system
a. sensory nerves
1) transmit information to the brain from the body
b. motor nerves
1) transmit information to the body from the brain
3. Autonomic nervous system
a. division of the peripheral nervous system
b. controls involuntary motor function
c. controls digestion, heart rate
E. Skin
1. Function
a. protection
b. water balance
c. temperature balance
d. excretion
e. shock absorption (impact)
2. Layers
a. epidermis
1) outermost layer
2) comprised of 4 or 5 layers of cells
b. dermis
1) below epidermis
2) contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles
3) contamination/infection a major problem
4) bleeding and pain associated with injury
c. subcutaneous layer
1) below dermis
2) fat and soft tissues
3) major functions are shock absorption and insulation
F. Endocrine System
1. Produces hormones to help chemically regulate the body
2. Examples are
a. insulin
b. epinephrine
Review:
Review of Anatomical Terms and Body Systems
• Directional Terms
• Positional Terms
• Body Systems
